Sentence Structure — taught, question by question.
A master lesson, then every question explained in full with a worked example, a Remember box, and 5 fresh self-grading drills each.
Sentence Structure
La structure de la phraseFrench word order is far more fixed than English. Three engines drive almost every structure question: negation clamps the conjugated verb, object pronouns sit in a fixed sequence before that verb, and a small set of adjectives go before the noun while the rest go after. Master these three and most “word-order” mistakes disappear.
ne … pas (jamais, plus, rien) wrap the CONJUGATED verb — and in compound tenses the auxiliary, not the participle. Before an infinitive, ne pas stay together in front.
Object pronouns go before the conjugated verb in a strict order: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en. Only the affirmative imperative moves them after the verb.
A question can be made by intonation (Tu viens ?), by est-ce que (Est-ce que tu viens ?), or by inversion (Viens-tu ?). They differ in register, not meaning.
BANGS adjectives (Beauty, Age, Number, Goodness, Size) precede the noun; colour, shape, nationality and longer adjectives follow it. A few change meaning by position (ancien, grand, propre).
| Construction | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ne + verb + pas | je ne sais pas | I don’t know |
| ne + auxiliary + pas + participle | je n’ai pas vu | I didn’t see |
| ne pas + infinitive | ne pas fumer | not to smoke |
| ne + verb + que | je n’ai qu’un euro | I have only one euro |
| ne + verb … + personne | je n’ai vu personne | I saw no one |
| Slot 1 | Slot 2 | Slot 3 | Slot 4 | Slot 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| me / te / se | le / la | lui | y | en |
| nous / vous | les | leur | — | — |
| Group | Examples |
|---|---|
| Beauty | beau, joli |
| Age | jeune, vieux, nouveau |
| Number | premier, deux, dernier |
| Goodness | bon, mauvais, gentil |
| Size | grand, petit, gros |
- Negation hugs the conjugated verb — or the auxiliary in compound tenses; the participle stays outside.
- Object pronouns keep their fixed order and sit before the verb (after it only in the affirmative imperative, with hyphens, and me → moi).
- The imperative is a MOOD, not a tense — it is the only place pronouns follow the verb.
- BANGS adjectives go before the noun; colour / shape / nationality / long adjectives go after.
Q1Negation (present)▸
ne goes before the conjugated verb, pas goes right after it — the verb is sandwiched between them.
Q2Negation (compound tense)▸
Clamp the auxiliary, not the participle: n’ai pas vu, not *n’ai vu pas.
Q3Negation (infinitive)▸
ne pas stay glued together in front of the infinitive.
Q4Restriction (ne … que)▸
ne … que = only; que comes just before the limited element.
Q5Object pronouns (direct)▸
No preposition → le/la/les; à + person → lui/leur.
Q6Double pronouns (la + lui)▸
le / la / les → lui / leur (direct before indirect, in the 3rd person).
Q7Double pronouns (me + le)▸
me / te / se / nous / vous → le / la / les.
Q8Pronoun + compound tense▸
Pronoun before the auxiliary; a preceding direct object triggers participle agreement.
Q9Imperative (affirmative)▸
Affirmative command = verb-pronoun with a hyphen.
Q10Imperative (negative)▸
Negative command = ne + pronoun + verb + pas (no hyphen).
Q11Imperative (affirmative, double)▸
Affirmative command: verb-DIRECT-INDIRECT, with me → moi.
Q12Pronoun “y” (place)▸
y = à + place or à + thing (not a person).
Q13Pronoun “en” (de + quantity)▸
en = de / du / des + noun, or a quantity.
Q14Adjective position (BANGS before)▸
BANGS before the noun — and still agreeing in gender/number.
Q15Adjective position (colour after)▸
Colour / shape / nationality / long adjectives go after the noun.
Q16Adjective position (meaning shift)▸
Before = figurative (former, great, own); after = literal (old, tall, clean).
Q17Adverb position (compound tense)▸
Short adverbs sit between the auxiliary and the participle.
Q18Questions (inversion)▸
Inversion = verb-subject pronoun, with a hyphen.
Q19Questions (inversion, -t-)▸
vowel-ending verb + il/elle/on → add -t- between hyphens.
Q20Questions (est-ce que)▸
est-ce que + statement order; qu’est-ce qui = subject, qu’est-ce que = object.
Q21Questions (information + est-ce que)▸
question word + est-ce que + subject + verb (no extra inversion).
Q22Interrogative adjective (quel)▸
quel agrees in gender and number with the noun it questions.
Q23Negation (des → de)▸
pas / plus + de (not du / des) before the noun.
Q24Negation (indefinite subject)▸
Personne/Rien … ne + verb; personne = nobody, rien = nothing.
Q25Negation (personne, position)▸
n’ai rien vu, but n’ai vu personne.
Q26Relative pronoun (qui, subject)▸
qui + verb (qui is the subject of the relative clause).
Q27Relative pronoun (que, object)▸
que + subject + verb (que is the object); qu’ before a vowel.
Q28Relative pronoun (dont, de)▸
dont = de + … (a de-verb, a de-adjective, or possession).
Q29c’est / il est▸
c’est + un/le/name or a general adjective; il/elle est + bare adjective/profession.
Q30Position of “tout” (pronoun)▸
tout (everything) before the participle; tous/toute/toutes agree with a noun.
Q31Questions (complex inversion, noun subject)▸
Noun subject stays in front + reprise pronoun after the verb (with -t- if needed).