Ten sections, one screen each: the rule, a table, the trap, two examples. Read it, take the quiz, come back to any section that goes badly.
The shades are a clue: au and du are the darker versions of à and de, because that is exactly what they are — à + le and de + le squeezed together.
| The piece | Where it goes | Example |
|---|---|---|
| the subject | first, always stated | Marie est française.Marie is French. |
| most describing words | after the noun | Je cherche une voiture rouge.I am looking for a red car. |
| grand, petit, bon, jeune, beau, nouveau | before the noun | Ils ont un nouveau logement.They have a new place to live. |
| an adverb | right after the verb | Je parle souvent français.I often speak French. |
| a phrase of place | at the end | Nous travaillons à Ottawa.We work in Ottawa. |
| a phrase of time | after the place, at the very end | Nous travaillons à Ottawa le samedi.We work in Ottawa on Saturdays. |
| After the noun — most words | Before the noun — the short common set |
|---|---|
| un dossier importantan important file | un bon dossiera good file |
| une ville canadiennea Canadian city | une belle villea beautiful city |
| des voisins sympathiquesfriendly neighbours | de jeunes voisinsyoung neighbours |
| What you mean | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| the one we both know, or all of them | le · la · l’ · les | Je ferme la porte.I am closing the door. |
| one among several, first mention | un · une · des | Elle achète une voiture.She is buying a car. |
| some of an amount you do not count | du · de la · de l’ | Je bois du café.I drink coffee. |
| à or de in front of le or les | au · aux · du · des | Nous allons au marché.We are going to the market. |
| after a negative | de · d’ | Il ne mange pas de viande.He does not eat meat. |
| after a quantity word | de · d’ | J’ai beaucoup de travail.I have a lot of work. |
| Any verb but être → de | With être → the article stays |
|---|---|
| Je ne bois pas de lait.I do not drink milk. | Ce n’est pas du lait.That is not milk. |
| Il n’a pas de voiture.He does not have a car. | Ce n’est pas une voiture.That is not a car. |
| Nous n’avons pas d’enfants.We do not have children. | Ce ne sont pas des enfants.Those are not children. |
| What comes next | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a noun with un · une · le · mon, or a name | c’est | C’est un ingénieur.He is an engineer. |
| a bare describing word | il est · elle est | Elle est fatiguée.She is tired. |
| a job with nothing in front | il est · elle est | Il est avocat.He is a lawyer. |
| more than one person or thing | ce sont | Ce sont mes voisins.Those are my neighbours. |
| the time on the clock | il est | Il est huit heures.It is eight o’clock. |
| a reaction to the whole situation | c’est | C’est intéressant.That is interesting. |
| c’est + a noun that carries its little word | il est · elle est + a bare word |
|---|---|
| C’est une avocate.She is a lawyer. | Elle est avocate.She is a lawyer. |
| C’est une amie française.She is a French friend. | Elle est française.She is French. |
| Ce sont des voisins sympathiques.They are friendly neighbours. | Ils sont sympathiques.They are friendly. |
| What you mean | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| hunger or thirst | avoir faim · soif | J’ai faim.I am hungry. |
| cold or heat felt by a person | avoir froid · chaud | Elle a froid.She is cold. |
| fear, being right, being sleepy | avoir peur · raison · sommeil | Tu as raison.You are right. |
| age | avoir + number + ans | J’ai trente ans.I am thirty. |
| a need, a wish, a pain | avoir besoin de · envie de · mal à | Il a mal à la tête.He has a headache. |
| something is there | il y a | Il y a un parc ici.There is a park here. |
| The weather with il fait, a person with avoir | A thing with être |
|---|---|
| Il fait froid dehors.It is cold outside — the weather. | La soupe est froide.The soup is cold — the thing itself. |
| J’ai froid ce matin.I am cold this morning — what I feel. | Cette chambre est froide.This room is cold — the room itself. |
| Il fait chaud en été.It is hot in summer. | Le café est chaud.The coffee is hot. |
| Subject | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| je | -e | Je parle français.I speak French. |
| tu | -es | Tu parles vite.You speak fast. |
| il · elle · on | -e | Elle travaille ici.She works here. |
| nous | -ons | Nous parlons au directeur.We are speaking to the manager. |
| vous | -ez | Vous habitez à Laval.You live in Laval. |
| ils · elles | -ent, silent | Ils étudient le soir.They study in the evening. |
| Only in nous, to keep the sound | Everywhere except nous and vous |
|---|---|
| nous mangeonswe eat — the e stays after the g | j’achète, ils achètentI buy, they buy — the accent appears |
| nous commençonswe start — the c takes a cedilla | je préfère, elles préfèrentI prefer, they prefer |
| nous voyageonswe travel | j’appelle, ils appellentI call, they call — the l doubles |
| What you mean | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a plain no | ne … pas | Je ne travaille pas.I do not work. |
| not ever | ne … jamais | Elle ne sort jamais.She never goes out. |
| not any more | ne … plus | Il ne fume plus.He does not smoke any more. |
| not a thing, not a soul | ne … rien · personne | Je ne vois personne.I do not see anybody. |
| the verb starts with a vowel | n’ … pas | Il n’aime pas ça.He does not like that. |
| saying yes against a negative question | si | Si, je viens.Yes, I am coming. |
| One verb — the two pieces wrap it | Two verbs — they wrap the first one only |
|---|---|
| Je ne mange pas.I am not eating. | Je ne veux pas manger.I do not want to eat. |
| Elle ne sort jamais.She never goes out. | Elle ne va jamais sortir.She is never going to go out. |
| Nous ne faisons rien.We are doing nothing. | Nous ne pouvons rien faire.We can do nothing. |
| Shape | How it is built | Example |
|---|---|---|
| voice rising, spoken | nothing changes | Tu viens ce soir ?Are you coming tonight? |
| est-ce que in front | est-ce que + normal order | Est-ce que tu viens ce soir ?Are you coming tonight? |
| verb and subject swapped | verb + hyphen + subject | Viens-tu ce soir ?Are you coming tonight? |
| swap where the verb ends in a vowel | add -t- between them | A-t-il le temps ?Does he have time? |
| est-ce que before a vowel | est-ce qu’ | Est-ce qu’il travaille ici ?Does he work here? |
| asking for a piece of information | question word in front | Où habites-tu ?Where do you live? |
| quel · quelle · quels · quelles + a noun | qu’est-ce que + subject + verb |
|---|---|
| Quel est ton numéro ?What is your number? | Qu’est-ce que tu fais ?What are you doing? |
| Quelle heure est-il ?What time is it? | Qu’est-ce qu’il veut ?What does he want? |
| Quelles langues parlez-vous ?Which languages do you speak? | Qu’est-ce que vous cherchez ?What are you looking for? |
| What comes next | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a town | à | J’habite à Toronto.I live in Toronto. |
| a feminine country, or one starting with a vowel | en | Il vit en Espagne.He lives in Spain. |
| a masculine country | au | Elle travaille au Portugal.She works in Portugal. |
| a plural country | aux | Ils vont aux États-Unis.They are going to the United States. |
| a person, or their workplace | chez | Je vais chez le médecin.I am going to the doctor. |
| where you come from | de · du · des | Je viens du Maroc.I come from Morocco. |
| Ends in de, so it squeezes | Ends in nothing, so add nothing |
|---|---|
| à côté du parcnext to the park | dans le parcin the park |
| près de la garenear the station | devant la garein front of the station |
| en face des magasinsacross from the shops | derrière les magasinsbehind the shops |
| Family | What it does | Example |
|---|---|---|
| finir, choisir, réussir, grandir | -iss- in the plural | Nous finissons à cinq heures.We finish at five. |
| vendre, attendre, répondre, entendre | no ending for il · elle | Il vend sa voiture.He is selling his car. |
| partir, sortir, dormir, servir | a letter drops in the singular, no -iss- | Je pars demain.I am leaving tomorrow. |
| aller | its own forms | Je vais au bureau.I am going to the office. |
| faire | its own forms | Vous faites les courses.You do the shopping. |
| venir, prendre | the stem shifts in the plural | Nous prenons le train.We take the train. |
| finir — with -iss- | partir — without it |
|---|---|
| Nous finissons tôt.We finish early. | Nous partons tôt.We leave early. |
| Ils choisissent un logement.They are choosing a place to live. | Ils sortent du bureau.They are coming out of the office. |
| Elle réussit son examen.She passes her test. | Elle dort huit heures.She sleeps eight hours. |
| Subject | Pronoun | Example |
|---|---|---|
| je | me · m’ | Je me lève à six heures.I get up at six. |
| tu | te · t’ | Tu t’installes ici.You are settling in here. |
| il · elle · on | se · s’ | Elle se prépare vite.She gets ready quickly. |
| nous | nous | Nous nous couchons tard.We go to bed late. |
| vous | vous | Vous vous reposez un peu.You are resting a little. |
| ils · elles | se · s’ | Ils s’appellent chaque soir.They call each other every evening. |
| The plain sentence | Reshaped |
|---|---|
| Je me lève tôt.I get up early. | Je ne me lève pas tôt.I do not get up early — the two pieces wrap the pronoun and the verb. |
| Tu te reposes le dimanche.You rest on Sundays. | Te reposes-tu le dimanche ?Do you rest on Sundays? — the pronoun stays in front, the subject moves behind. |
| Nous nous levons tôt.We get up early. | Nous devons nous lever tôt.We have to get up early — the pronoun moves in front of the base form. |
© 2026 Francora. All rights reserved. Tous droits réservés.
This material is for one learner’s personal study. Copying it, sharing it, reselling it, uploading it to another site or file-sharing service, or using it to teach a class or to train a machine-learning model, all require written permission first.
Francora is independent. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the CCI Paris Île-de-France, France Éducation international, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, or any other examining body or government department. TEF, TEF Canada, TCF and TCF Canada are the trademarks of their respective owners and appear here only to say what this material prepares you for.
Exam formats, score scales and immigration thresholds change. Everything here reflects the published information we could verify at the time of writing, and nothing here is a guarantee of a result. Check the official exam and immigration sources before you act on anything that matters.
Francora · @frenchwithguri